Dominatrix Charlie Valentine walks in on her submissive, Kendra Cole, who is restrained with rope in a box-tie. Charlie instructs Kendra on the proper way to worship her gorgeous thigh-high boots and lick the sweat dripping out from her latex. Charlie then bends Kendra over and stretches her ass with a glass plug before getting strap-on fucked. Kendra cums hard and easily from getting fucked in the ass, squirting and orgasming multiple times on that big strap-on cock. Kendra receives a spanking punishment for pushing her mistress?s dildo out of her ass with the sheer force of her anal orgasms and receives ass-to-mouth throughout. Having had enough fun with her submissive toy, it?s now Charlie?s turn to receive some ass fucking herself. She instructs Kendra to insert the slink into her mistress?s ass as deep as she can possibly take. Then, she asks for a thick glass toy to rail her asshole until she cums explosively.
Casey has tried to stay strong, but things are not improving no matter how much she tries. He is a very disturbed man, a madman if you will, and he is deep in his own psyche. His delusions are something only he understands, and they make it more difficult for Casey as the days go on. He seems confused at times, but the one thing that holds true is that she belongs to him now.Casey is a captive in her own home, and it seems that she is the only one that realizes this. He slides in and out of reality and his psyche breaks as easy as changing clothes. Casey won?t give up. She can?t give up. He can?t win.?Diary of a Madman Season 2? SERIES MAIN PAGEDiary of a Madman: S2 E1Diary of a Madman: S2 E2Diary of a Madman: S2 E4 - 9/8/22
Beauty and poise, this Latina bombshell is titillating. In this scene, Jessy is a sassy bratty bottom, and King is up for the challenge of Domming the Dom! As he slips a blindfold over her eyes, she slowly lets her guard down and falls into subspace. The ass beating calms her down to submission but once she falls to her knees, she?s rewarded with Sir King?s enormous cock down her throat. She gobbles his dick all the way down to the balls while still tied to the ladder in the creepy dungeon. After some ferocious cock-sucking, Jessy is strapped down to a fuck table. Sir King takes turns between feeding her his giant dick and fucking her back-pussy. Balls deep in her welcoming asshole, he stretches her out and finishes her off with a huge cumload, in and all over her ass. She gets covered with so much hot juicy cum, it needs to be seen to be believed. Excellent pairing with these two porn superstars Jessy Dubai and King Noire.
Casey Calvert has been patiently awaiting any chance she may have to escape the depravity of this madman, but to no avail. How long can this go on? Will he ever stop, or is this her life? After one of the many punishments that are now her new normal, he finally slips. He forgot one small thing, and this is the window Casey has been waiting on. It?s now or never, and Casey can?t wait any longer. To be completely honest, you?re just going to have to watch to see what happens??Diary of a Madman Season 2? SERIES MAIN PAGEDiary of a Madman: S2 E1Diary of a Madman: S2 E2Diary of a Madman: S2 E3
Jesse Pony is tied with her legs pulled back, ass wide open. A bejeweled butt-plug is already inside her asshole. Luna Lovely pops it out and makes Jesse taste her own ass-juice off of the plug. After that, she fingers and spits on Jesse?s asshole. Of course, eager Jesse is already gaping. Jesse loves getting her pussy and asshole slapped hard, and has a screaming orgasm while getting her pussy slapped and asshole fucked hard and rough by a long Bad Dragon toy. Jesse then gets obediently on all fours while Luna hammers a dildo into Jesse?s asshole, and Jesse screams louder and louder like the power bottom she is. Finally Luna fists Jesse?s asshole hard and rough while she begs for more, her whole body squirms in intense ecstasy as Luna slaps Jesse?s pussy and makes this submissive slut cum again and again. Then Luna gets her ass fucked with a toy while Jesse spits on her face and slaps Luna?s ass. Luna gets fucked hard and as a body-shaking orgasm. Jesse sensually fists Luna?s experienced asshole and makes her cum hard again. Craving more, Luna gets on her back and takes the slink far up into her guts as she can, while getting her pussy eaten and slapped and rubbed until she has another explosive orgasm.
Tommy King is restrained, bent over in a box-tie, arms bound to a tie-point above, neck chained to the floor. Dominant Casey Calvert approaches, teases her submissive, and tugs on the giant butt plug already waiting inside Tommy?s asshole. Casey drills Tommy?s ass skillfully, warming it up for the next position. Tommy is then tied up, ass in the air, vulnerable and waiting for Casey to insert a long tentacle inside her asshole. Casey then bends over and gets a giant dildo inserted in her ass. She lays on her back and instructs Tommy on how to fist her asshole. Tommy gets the whole fist inside while sucking on Casey?s toes.
Ana Foxxx is a realtor who only deals with VIPs, so when Derrick Pierce reached out looking to expand his business to her area, she jumped at the opportunity. He has given her all of his expectations, and she went to work to find him exactly what he was looking for. She finds out that he?s made his fortune with adult content, and is curious about what that means exactly. Derrick grabs her close, and in a instant, Ana sees what it means. Afraid of what she has started, she?s too turned on to stop it. Derrick uses her for his amusement, and once the stakes get high, Ana can?t wait for Derrick to show his hand. Soon, Ana finds herself in a full rope-suspension and totally helpless. Derrick gives her a little more than she was looking for. Once he?s had enough of the wind and outdoors, he takes her inside for one final look at the property, and to get one final fuck in before he makes his decision.
Ana begins her day in a confined wooden frame with her head locked into a neck stock. The Pope begins to fuck with her head form the very start and Ana knows that this will only get worse. Eventually she is blindfolded and suddenly everything changes. The fear sets in as he toys with her and Ana can?t tell where he is. The zapper makes for a sadistic toy to up the ante on her suffering and mind games. Next Ana is bent over and displaying her amazing ass. Her legs are spread and held in place with steel traps and her arms are bound to a platform with leather straps. The Pope launches a full out assault on her flesh with his flogger as Ana screams in agony. She begs for him to stop and only after he is finished does he fill her pussy with cock. She is pounded with his fat dildo and her screams become moans as she cums uncontrollably. The final scene has Ana bent backwards over a wooden arch with her hands and legs pulled into a spread eagle. Her suffering is not even close to over. The cat-o-nine tails is used along with other implements to torment her fully. She struggles and fights against her restraints but she?s not going anywhere and she knows it.
A lot of submissive guys are kind of cute, but London River hit the jackpot with amazingly buff Davin Strong ? who?s bound to a cross and totally at her mercy. He?s more than willing to take any punishment to prove himself worthy of fucking his Mistress. London is both sweet and sadistic, so she administers flogging, caning, puts his cock in bondage and then gives him a blowjob ? one that includes biting Davin?s dick. Once she?s had her fun in this position, she binds him to a spanking bench and gets his ass bright red with more canes, floggers and paddles. She even lets him choose his instrument of torment: and is amused when he foolishly chooses the much more painful one. Davin has more tests to prove himself worthy of Mistress London?s pussy ? she sits on his face and then gives his extra muscular ass a good pegging. And then it?s that time at last: Davin gets to fuck his Mistress. But is she going to let him actually cum?
Tori Avano stands naked, tied-up in rope bondage to a Saint Andrew?s Cross. An Hitachi is strapped to her pussy and she writhes in pleasure as the vibrator warms her up. Her hands are freed and she makes herself cum multiple times. In the next scene she?s in a doggy-style position with her wrists bound in rope. We get an unobstructed view of her gorgeous ass and her pussy getting machine fucked and she cums hard. In the final scene clothespins are placed across her tits as she straddles a Sybian and Tori cums multiple times from the vibrating saddle.
Dommes Vanessa, Jessica and Charlie are enjoying an afternoon of topless sunbathing by the pool when they hear some rustling in the bushes. They spot slave Fluffy spying on them and quickly capture him. Man, did he pick the wrong women to peep on! Before you know it, Fluffy is trapped in a round hanging cage with the Dommes whirling him around, smacking him with crops and rulers, showering him with spit and kissing and eating pussy just below the cage as a demo of pleasures he will never experience. But the cage doesn?t really afford enough access to really beat up on him, so Fluffy gets suspended in rope bondage with all his vulnerable parts exposed. The Mistresses take turns flogging and paddling him, and amusing themselves by placing a complicated and painful CBT device on his cock and balls. Are they done? They most certainly are not. Next, Fluffy is tied to a table as Mistress Jessica sticks a dildo in his mouth and flogs him with maximum impact, while Vanessa gives Charlie a strap-on blowjob and enjoys being fucked by her, all the while taunting and humiliating Fluffy. Finally, it?s time to take turns pegging him and sticking the just used dildos in his mouth. He?s never been fisted before ? but there?s a first time for everything, and the Dommes have the perfect way to finish up with their little pervert, who?s certainly learned his lesson.
Casey Calvert is at the top of her game, and is more than willing to let The Pope put her through her paces to prove it. Casey?s day begins with a brutal inverted suspension, with her body tethered to a piece of bamboo to keep her rigid. Her arms are bound and then pulled tightly behind her, along with one of her elbows being tied to one of her legs. Casey is completely helpless and has to endure everything The Pope throws at her. In the second scene, Casey is now tethered to a column by her arms which hold the back of her neck firmly against the column. All of her weight is hanging from a waist rope and her arms. Casey is very aware of her body at this point. She is toyed with by her captor, and little by little he finds ways to intensify the tie to make it even more extreme. She is fucked and made to cum several times before they move on to the final position. Casey is on her back with her legs pulled up and spread. Her hands are bound to her thighs, and a few perfectly placed ropes across her tits keep her from escaping. The Pope works meticulously to ensure that Casey endures as much suffering as possible from implements, since the first two scenes were dedicated to heavy rope torment. Once the bastinado, pussy torment, and the general infliction of pain has past, The Pope hoists Casey into the air for one final suspension where he administers heavy breath play and orgasms to finish her off.
We have our fair share of top notch models that grace the pages of Kink.com, but few are as iconic as Elise Graves. Elise is as powerful as a top as she is a bottom, and after almost 10 years, Elise Graves and The Pope are finally back together to bring you one of the most brutal shoots to ever be published on Hogtied. The rope is used in a way to become part of the torment. He uses his hands and other implements to make her suffer even more. Every piece of rope is tied with the purpose to inflict as much pain as possible. Elise?s body is pushed way beyond what a normal person could endure, but then again, Elise isn?t just any person. There is predicament bondage, suspension bondage, and traditional shibari as well. Elise digs deep to find the strength to get through every grueling position as The Pope layers more and more rope on her body to manipulate her and render her completely helpless.
Mother Lily catches Father Alrik jerking his cock inside the church. She bends him over the podium and spanks his bare ass. She ties him up with rope and lifts her gown and teases him with her tempting flesh, keeping it just out of reach. After that, she strips him naked and ties him to a cross. She teases his cock, sucking and grinding her ass into it. She hits him with a leather crop and a flogger. She lays him on the floor and sits on his face. Mother Lily then pours hot wax on his body. She fucks his ass with a demon dick and then fucks his dick with her pussy until he cums into a challis and is made to drink every drop.
Luna Lovely has hit Kink with a huge splash, both as a new performer, and as a power bottom. She came in swinging for the fences, and so does The Pope in this brutal shoot. She begins against the wall with steel shackles and leather straps holding her in place. The Pope gets to work on pushing this slut as far as he can, and she is willing to let him. First a heavy flogging, some clamps, and then high level electricity with cattle prods. This is only the first scene, so let?s hope he leaves some for the other two scenes to follow. Next, Luna is face down, with her ass pushed up with a wooden wedge and her limbs are restrained with steel shackles. He goes to work issuing more corporal punishment, and seeing how far Luna will let him push. The torment is brutal, butthe orgasms that he commands from her pussy are just as difficult for her to process. In the final scene, Luna is on her side with one leg up and the other pinned down to the wooden box she is on. Nipple torment, caning, and more finally push Luna over the edge, so The Pope finishes her off with more orgasms.
Davin Strong has a big audition to be Gracie Jane?s new guitarist in her band but when Gracie sees how nervous Davin is she decides she wants to find out if Davin can perform for her in other ways. Davin a little nervous submits to Gracie very quickly sucking her girl dick on the couch. When Davin?s hood is removed he is bound and tormented by Gracie with nipple clamps, paddles, and caned. After this torment Gracie is ready to pound Davin?s asshole with her hard girl cock. Davin?s audition isnt over yet though Gracie wants to see just how much Davin?s hole can handle so she brings out the fuck machine and let it go to work fucking Davin?s ass. Davin is then brought to his knees and face fucked till he sticks out his tongue ready to swallow Gracie?s cum.
Maddy May is tied with a chest harness. Her hands are behind her back, ankles spreadwide and vulnerable. London spits on her face and rubs it all over Maddy?s tits and playswith her bratty sub?s wet cunt. Then Maddy is bent over and ass fucked with a strap-on bydominant London with plenty of face fucking ass-to-mouth to get more spit as slippery lube. London sits onMaddy?s face making her sub lick her holes and open her Dom?s ass with a dildo. London getsgaped doggy style with a big glass toy while Maddy spits in London?s asshole.
Luna and Charlotte are friends with some serious benefits and after having aconversation about Luna?s dirty fantasy, Charlotte decides to help her friend out with a plan shecooked up just for Luna. One day, unbeknownst to Luna, Charlotte sends her boyfriend over tohelp Luna have the kinkiest fantasy of a lifetime. The two ladies are having a chat when suddenly a strangershows up behind Luna but she doesn?t heed the warning of her friend and is taken down in the most delightful, dirty way.Charlotte has to listen as Luna is made to do just as her captor instructs her to do, or else. Luna isbound in rope in her own home as her captor fucks her pussy and ass to satisfy himself. Luna begsfor it to stop but she has been overpowered and can?t stop him from taking what he wants.
Lily Lane and Jessica Ryan get it on for the first time in this super hot EB update. Princess Lily saunters into the dungeon in her sexy lingerie and high heels to find Jessica is all tied up and eager to please. She starts with the crop on Jessica?s butt, thighs and tender feet getting her all warmed up for a day of all the way girl on girl ass play with lots of big toys. Lily stretches Jessica?s tight hole with bigger and bigger butt plugs and then fucks her ass good with a strap-on dildo causing her to cum hard. Then Princess Lily lures her filthy little toy into her own sexy, curvy ass. Jessica licks Lily clean and then fucks her ass with a thick pink dildo and then an even bigger toy and finally stretches Lily?s ass wide open with an industrial speculum. What a fun play day!
Ana Foxxx has been teasing Johnny, but not putting out, so we get her tied up and let him get what she?s been keeping from him. Ana is strung up in an inverted ankle suspension with her mouth right at cock level. Johnny enters and begins working her over before using her mouth as a cock receptacle. Her tight pussy is at the perfect height for him to lick it, so he has a little snack while his cock is buried in Ana?s throat. Next, Ana is ass up on a box with her pussy begging to be pounded. Johnny obliges her and fucks her hole mercilessly, as she screams and moans. He continues to dish out corporal punishment in between deep pussy fucking. Ana is now is a side suspension with on leg up exposing her pussy and leaving her mouth available as well. He gets to work slapping this slut around, and then power fucks her pussy and mouth. He uses a vibe to rip massive orgasms form her before moving on to the final position. Her arms are box tied behind her and Johnny throws her around like a piece of meat as he uses her holes one final time. Ana is beat, and can do very little to stop him from taking what he wants.
A fellow Domme has left Sarah DiAvola a present in the dungeon, saying there?s a new pet in there for her to play with. Her new pet turns out to be super buff bodybuilder Davin Strong, who?s tied to a cross and ready and willing to take everything Mistress Sarah has to dish out. Sarah warms up his six pack with a flogger, then progresses to a very stingy, flexible and painful crop. Then she teases him with the possibility of a blowjob but leaves him denied. She bites his dick and balls and stretches them into very uncomfortable positions. Finally, she releases him from his bondage, but she?s not even close to being done. Next, Davin finds himself suspended ? for the very first time! Mistress Sarah takes advantage of all the exposed parts swinging around, smacking his back, feet and butt with a paddle. Unfortunately, he can?t stay hanging there all day, so Princess Sarah teases with the promise of some fucking. But of course, she has a big long strap-on and all the fucking involves Davin?s big muscular ass. Being the cruel mistress she is, Sarah doesn?t even let the poor guy cum!
Marica took a long break from shooting, but is back and more than ready to get tiedup and played with by The Pope. We begin with an asymmetrical tie that has Marica?s body pulledin every direction. There is not much to torment since she?s so compact, but he finds places to hitwith his crop, and Marica lets out a loud scream to let us all know the pain she is enduring. Herpussy is filled with cock and she is fucked until she cums. Next, Marica is in a side suspension, withher legs spread exposing her wet pussy. The suffering that the bondage is giving her is more thanshe can handle, so The Pope eases her suffering with non stop orgasms while she hangs in hisropes. In the final scene, Marica is on her back with her legs spread, and she is more than aware ofhow helpless she really is. The torment continues as Marica screams in agony, but that onlymotivates The Pope hurt her more. Flogger, canes, and more are used to ensure she is pushes to herlimit, and then the vibe is pressed against her pussy while he administers some bastinado.
Leigh Raven has moved out of the sub/bottom role, and moved into the Domme/top role. She will now be addressed as Mistress Baby, and don?t you dare assume you know anything about her until after you?ve seen her brutal display of power against Jake Waters. Mistress has Jake locked into steel shackles that hold his hard body helplessly against the wall. He couldn?t wait to serve his Mistress, but didn?t have a clue as to how sadistic this powerhouse of a woman could be. She begins to work him over with a cane, adds some nipple clamps for guaranteed suffering, then back to the cane pressed into pressure points. Jake is a tough sub, and she wants to show him how tough he needs to be in order to command her attention. She moves him to the next position which has him locked in a custom built chair like device with his arms above his head, and his legs spread for her to have access to every part of him. This time she assaults him with an electrical zapper in all of the sensitive places, then goes to work with her cane again. Mistress Baby adds a few clothes pins in the exact places that cause the most suffering to show Jake that she means business. She uses his body relentlessly until he is pushed to his breaking point. In the final scene, Mistress Baby ha him on his back with his legs in the air, so that she has access to his ass. She rides his face for her own pleasure, and then goes to work fucking his ass, all the while tormenting him. Jake wants to please his Mistress so desperately, but he was still not allowed to cum. Guess he has to save it until they meet again.
Hot, blonde and curvaceous London River is strapped to a chair in a cold dark room being questioned by 5 big dudes who think she knows something. She swears she doesn?t but they are determined to get it out of her. Let the Interrogation begin! London gets manhandled, slapped, zapped, waterboarded and nearly suffocated as she begs and pleads for them to stop but they will not relent. These 5 bad boys pound London?s holes with their hard cocks, double stuff her ass, shoot their hot loads and then piss all over her Bukkake style.
Ariel X is gagged and bound in device bondage, bent over in a vulnerable position to display her ass while her spit drips down onto the dungeon floor. Violet enters and teases her submissive, spanking and licking Ariel?s ass. Shet starts with fingering and then stretches Ariel?s slut hole with a big glass plug while her sub moans in pleasure and begs for more until she has multiple squirting orgasms. Ariel is tied with medical tubing and fucked with a hyperrealistic strap-on cock until she squirts again. Then Violet administers a water enema to make sure her sex slave is sufficiently cleaned out. The water slowly trickles in and fills up her rectum, then Ariel is commanded to hold the water and squirt it out like a spectacular fountain. After that, Ariel is filled with thick, white cream and pushes it out of her hole. Violet strap-on fucks her some more and makes Ariel squirt before giving her another creamy enema. Violet kisses her submissive and then commands her to sniff and tongue-fuck her asshole. Violet begins stretching her own ass with her fingers and making her submissive watch and learn. At her mistress?s command, Ariel slowly enters Violet?s ass with the glass plug, displaying a delightfully clear view inside Violet?s rectum. She fucks her harder and faster until her mistress cums. Violet pushes the toy out and Ariel sucks the ass juices from it. Ariel inserts a huge metal speculum inside Violet?s beautiful butt, stretching, sniffing, fingering and licking that ever-widening hole, showcasing a huge gape.
Casey has watched Christian slowly take over the community with violence andillegal activity. He is one of the top-ranking gangsters and runs an operation that the cops just don?tseem to pay attention to. Casey takes matters into her own hands and wants to get proof of hiswrong doings, with hope that the cops will do something. Unfortunately for Casey, she gets caughtsnooping around Christian?s warehouse. She is bound to a chair with tight rope bondage, and aleather hood over her head as Christian interrogates her. Casey is not giving up information as heexpected, so he has to turn to more persuasive tactics. Casey?s clothes are ripped from her body andis made to do unspeakable sexual acts as Christian fights to get answers. First he throat fucks her,torments her, then moves to a more helpless position. Casey begs him to stop, but Christian fucksher mouth, pussy, and ass in multiple bondage positions to get the answers he wants. He tormentsher all day, but Casey refuses to say anything, so he continues to fuck her ass for fun since shewants to play games. Casey may not give up any answers, but she had no choice but to give up all ofher holes.
Mistress Baby dresses her little submissive boy in the cutest whitey tighties, with a matching tank top. Draven is made to show his submission to his Mistress in several ways, but making him rip his clothes off is the one that impresses her the most. He quickly proves that he is a little pain pig and is there for all of the suffering from Mistress Baby. She strikes him with a heavy hand, and the smile on his face is hard to hide, which inspires more impact from her. With every strike, he throws a little brat tantrum, and it just fuels Mistress Baby?s fire. The punishment continues throughout the day until Draven is fucked in his ass, and then made to eat his own cum as a reward for being a good boy.
Nicole Aria is naked and trapped in a tiny suspended cage with a ball gag in her mouth. Her legs and arms are secured with rope and her asshole and pussy are accessible through a hole in the bottom of the cage. Victoria Voxxx steps in and inspects her caged bird, and makes her tweet though her ball gag. She flogs Nicole through the cage and then takes a look underneath. She shoves her fingers inside Nicole?s asshole, and then a huge dildo and fucks her deep with it. She makes her cum with a vibrator and then lets her out, only to tie her up again. This time Nicole is on a padded device, doggy style with her hands tied behind her back. Victoria spreads and licks her asshole, bites on her toes, and then shoves a metal cage inside Nicole?s asshole, leaving it wide open. After that, Victoria rams her fist inside Nicole?s ass and fist-fucks her hard. In the last scene, Nicole?s wrists are tied to her ankles leaving her spread-eagle on her back. Victoria fucks her with a strap-on and a dick-on-a-stick at the same time, double-penetrating Nicole?s asshole right before fist-fucking her one last time.
Andre Shakti maintains extremely high standards for those that are wanting to serve and entertain her desires. Her submissive, the muscular Davin Strong, fulfills all of her cravings for sadism and pleasure to the highest degree of satisfaction. Andre sensually uses Davin?s body to flog, cane, slap, peg and finally ride his rock-hard dick. For his reward, she milks every drop of cum out of his balls and feeds it back to him.Andre is lounging by the pool with her boots resting on the back of her servant, Davin. With the snap of her fingers, he knows to present her with her favorite snack. Andre decides she has gotten enough fresh air and demands that her stud submissive pick her up and carry her inside. Once in the dungeon, she rides his shoulders and orders him to jerk his cock while she squeezes his neck with her sexy thighs. At Andre?s request, Davin sets her down on her feet and she proceeds to tie him up to the bondage post for some corporal punishment. While she flogs and canes him, she can?t help but be delighted at the way his toned body absorbs the impacts of each strike. But Andre has an appetite for to use every part of Davin?s body; so she bends him over a spank-bench and fucks his face and ass with a strap on. Now overwhelmingly aroused, she flips him over and rides his cock until she screams from the intensity of her orgasm. Finally, Andre shows her gratitude to her perfect submissive by stroking his dick until he blows a fat load.
Ashley and The Pope have done a lot of together, and the intensity is always something that brings Ashley back for more. The bondage is tight, grueling, and everything she craves. This slut needs to be dominated in order for her to function properly, so when in need, she pays him a visit. She begins with her hands above her head in a standing position, but this quickly turns out to be more than she expected. Her dress is ripped from her body and her mouth filled with her own panties. The Pope adds more rope to make the position more grueling on her body as he progresses the bondage into more of the torment. Next, Ashley is in an inverted suspension with her body made to contort as the ropes get tighter. Her body is assaulted with a thick leather crop that reddens her flesh nicely. There are a few orgasms allowed before moving on to the next position. Ashley?s legs are crossed, and her arms pulled into a strappado. Her neck is secured with a rope to restrict her movement and air flow. The torment continues to get more intense as the day progresses with the use of canes and the crop. Her flesh is starting to show signs of the level of brutality that she has had to endure. This still isn?t enough for The Pope, so he ties Ashley on her back in a spread-eagle position and begins to tenderize her flesh until a zipper is added. Orgasms flow until the exact moment when he rips the zipper from her body and filling the dungeon with screams of agony. One more orgasm is ripped form her pussy before leaving her there in a puddle of sub space.
